- ` ~+ q: b* {* g8 R2 {
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, ' W* w1 o1 Q, T' |2 C' S, l宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 8 U# f/ C E/ Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
4 O$ }! C+ b8 ~" G$ R$ B5 q"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, : N1 u3 t+ e9 P) k4 |# o. B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性," w( S) p2 P* i) i: T# O6 q3 Afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
6 I# Y- y3 Q% q! G0 P"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。 9 y4 b# t- k1 |6 F; p% u6 @
+ I* R- d4 \3 y+ t1 c1 F% c" r , i" t( I& w# ~8 V2 N8 b# z
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 2 M+ }' g0 b! V( p7 K5 V& N
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, ( P- R% u* \% A' w$ l6 T4 a5 k0 |; r
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
- K% A, L9 s+ W6 l"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,
; C2 Q) A. N) b2 n3 b3 D3 C5 S# y. M$ P0 P( E8 ^mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, # F5 u; R( G* J1 a' V宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 8 f! f$ P% Q. Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: ~7 A4 {3 e6 `/ k. ]% w6 P
"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, . U- N3 E1 S$ K2 M) [. K- J! N
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, . ` b7 W8 {1 z5 C. G
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。
3 q; d( t% C8 T6 A
% @! K4 H4 }; ~3 l/ K5 e; R x) a5 p- _# x& P2 Y* [
0 L' o& S: X: W3 _* I8 I' t) e+ T) }$ y1 `! z6 `! L% t3 e宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,! I, t8 A1 y+ s
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font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" W2 h q4 V+ ^9 ^/ A" c
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构
( l; A: o# |4 @- ^; n2 f u( ?5 U7 l) J- M
! @1 X3 [. n5 F' x , P8 S9 q7 {* X) l! R
7 O- D& H8 i8 }4 x4 q1 b1 m3 J5 v8 s' S
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, " d' S; m1 n q, Q* H# E& Z0 P2 \宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ - t2 E' S; b/ K& u/ ~1 i$ r宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 4 B- O; i$ [/ |$ n2 ~; F
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ ; r, b L2 E- ~6 G% D! x宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” ! ~/ l2 ~; i9 c4 n- y; H! H5 |/ E6 u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, : p, T! ^* a% ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:9 J2 b( |8 Y/ G& V
"Times New Roman"">前者为因, , R, V) S* P7 Z5 p8 K G0 d( ~- pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, + P' A! s( t1 ?; D3 d) X( G* [" b+ `
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 B0 v- \ }( A' e
"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,$ h. T! j Q- M# R+ A
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, $ _7 ^5 y \$ f, R8 ^宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, ; i4 n* M4 ?! {/ P/ }; u& U
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
& d* N9 G, b% |& V- ~"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, 3 V) K D: z3 B; J- m
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: : u' h h" V6 j
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
$ [: n( d5 P. D! z* {7 o' v"Times New Roman"">“ 3 Q! U& U4 a) _( z6 A4 Y/ ^mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? . r2 A( H e5 V: P; }. ]! t宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 8 p3 T% d; i* P) ]6 o& y6 c$ f# v) I
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, % T4 e* |, x) b* e7 T5 b8 mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
9 w+ T; Y: n0 j/ W8 J; _"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:
. C" h1 I5 @# `- J+ @' ]% f& E f0 Z& A0 ]' N1 c+ Kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。 ! M% Q; G4 \# N- u
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5 ^. c5 {$ L! v. ~2 @+ M+ n; w% Dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 ) Z, l" g1 y3 I) N宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, ' ~/ F8 ~- V$ n
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"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,
% X$ z a! U; N! Z9 ^! S# q8 `9 `: x9 `$ Q- G" Z, T/ umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, # d; i% m( w1 D8 Cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
. z( ~: k5 K* a3 [; b* Y"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 2 ?4 K& d( z9 `4 ]8 ^mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 ) f4 X3 U7 B8 M. t4 p9 ~; U: @ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里% Z2 s$ x- H2 r
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 . K2 B( e9 n+ c0 Hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(# O4 d6 a4 y9 [# W* M; l b
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), ) \3 X: ^3 B a/ y3 V
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
1 |( T1 t$ [% T6 p! n7 Y# a"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用: ]! K* k1 z, y. d! q' w- A
12.0pt">, / d0 \1 c+ q% L$ y
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, , f8 I. K' ?' w& o7 _0 lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
: r8 }" b; O3 _# R"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, 2 X+ {/ V7 b+ F/ m1 \4 S& G- i
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!8 f8 _7 l! ^1 y1 g/ `# f6 Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, ; q" C F( G( ?/ a6 M4 Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:9 L4 |9 d% ?! u, n* @* {
"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: , F1 F" U j6 i3 F" P6 E5 v
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, ; o; B4 S6 Y4 W
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, * }4 ]- v: Z9 u) m" d. e+ y
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
' _; N, u m1 M. [: k+ Q"Times New Roman"">“ " m W4 {3 A' Z; d
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”! ]: g" c, p D1 v8 _3 U& R
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"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。 7 o+ a e* m" z1 Y
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: S) s3 V! S6 ~ F+ T& U5 B: m' R, ]' ~mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, ) R8 b# U' v* `( X5 K
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 8 v# @4 j1 V! q/ `8 @5 a$ S. E9 xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
8 u. {4 ~+ }, r7 X4 l y"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 4 a) }' M* E3 V0 i5 s$ r% F; b
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, : [+ ^0 K: @( Y( t \) d( _$ y
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 2 o% J6 j! H3 \$ Q* t0 U7 Mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
! @! `) o3 T! W- ]( T"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ * Y% y* _9 z( @0 V, [
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 5 _ Z5 X' y0 ]! l宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。 7 n5 N8 T% P$ e8 t% v( Z m+ |
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Z9 i+ \/ _: V# Q$ W2 ~/ a* H6 ?" q6 ^5 l
6 W- i4 a0 p/ d5 c宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,
7 I% I3 N+ f1 ^0 \( s; d% U) t) D6 F! U/ F" N
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"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构 ! {4 F: @4 P8 f6 M% C5 O
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, / v! M# ~1 N+ Z4 u( X宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, . a# l8 C* b6 _, n* X5 v( [
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ p; s# C. K. r) y: T% `- j
"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,
$ ^1 S/ I7 W) N% {& B8 {4 x4 u; ?- O& i1 s5 u: {mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, ' ?# N. S' U cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# Y: o# B m. S3 T
"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,+ ]/ ^; h( g' C$ l
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 1 f/ D2 A0 O# a" y
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 O1 Z( z4 [$ J5 G& V+ k; N: ]
"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题3 _' h5 A: C0 E4 ]
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"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: " d( j$ a$ |8 ^/ y# x) C) W
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ \7 w, w& P6 n9 l: N/ @2 L q
"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才: j9 c( o. n" U+ s3 }1 x4 N+ W
12.0pt">, ! _& j- g1 r6 ?$ O* Z* i9 g"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, 9 r& f" z8 G9 [ W7 V1 Y. w9 {. e
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
6 m$ a( Z$ m. Z- N* T"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 7 W+ q$ `& X: _5 C* k; e* Q$ X
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 3 O, ^0 R; w9 i: ^ J
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 3 V+ ?. H" W- T/ m8 r7 V- k2 Q
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 S0 ~' V) T7 g j0 z
"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题" K* Q* k2 t# |1 s12.0pt">; 9 I1 }9 Z* _3 V5 j
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 3 x7 d* D' @6 r. j( qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
7 I# ?+ x* [' n# x"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求) c: M4 B" R( e. z12.0pt">: & G- c2 c) h1 x' N# w) H3 A"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; " M& t7 p5 x+ s2 [+ zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
v. P/ g8 g) e, G) W* m"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, 9 A2 Q( \5 C! k! u5 v9 Q- s, L; r* ~mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, & Y: n% y$ G/ {% t
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
5 A( l) z/ ?7 a2 \"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统, W9 i: O. j4 S: ]: Z
12.0pt">: ( `6 v# e* |( e' W
( t; ]: n+ |' X7 y% b' G ' F8 i( B5 X6 p% @) T
, v- A( }# K5 k% h' t* l, w0 N1 o4 l0 M+ h/ mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ U2 O4 q7 t; b) y1 B$ w# |宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” 5 i, S' C9 P s- f: W8 R
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman""> 2 A) Q; h: L9 y8 R1 k. Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
$ U5 d0 m' G+ V8 S% R4 X6 [" S+ }; f+ [7 v9 |
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+ ^& s; ^/ H% i1 I/ @% q( |# w4 \& l2 v, v" j) K" R宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总," z+ d+ u1 g K( v8 i- S' q
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font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:9 [$ Z- A6 X0 E: Q, O1 T0 [# }
"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构 7 U' j8 v: d2 D$ ]+ M9 S9 P
' [( I: I6 d6 B8 t! F3 v/ Q
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1 O5 u" t! ~8 r% O) l; A8 {: cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, . i, @9 W' t' F0 W' f" v: L, Zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
9 W/ Z9 T8 v( I# a"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 0 ?4 P" [8 S I6 X, S' N" x: L宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, / h' X+ `! [7 U/ b/ Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 P) L- m7 r8 `4 t- S+ A
"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,
5 C ]$ r, D( q4 Z a2 P$ I, r) T! Z3 ^( L# E# ~+ e
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 3 ~5 n! L+ V$ A7 K$ F0 x
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
3 v" v( u) T* C9 s1 \1 s"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, / E$ d& M" {; q% g8 b
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, + ~+ J, f" _2 w: r g" W" M宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: . r; U9 ?1 }, j4 zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) o0 P" S$ |% n7 C. ]1 K
"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, : I$ H* w2 l# h# k0 ]8 ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, # o7 g/ x7 @! `5 f# ?* A
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, l" A+ v9 D. |# o1 p1 l
"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, / _. X, ?/ X( _% Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上, e3 B) S0 X) e+ n& ]4 G/ a/ U/ Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
5 T& F8 [" i1 }$ A% L$ C; L"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定& D. \" S& Z* J0 q& W. c
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"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, $ S+ v( y) ]* J3 [* d0 |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; u1 I) Z7 ]* k3 A6 b
"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:( O1 R/ y2 }' @, Cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 9 R# o) J0 f- d5 ~; ]& z- G$ j
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 6 c# f. V0 f2 T! D( V! {# N: n
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"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, $ M" p* j" @4 \ P; ~
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, : o, z! m( n4 ~2 S! r B
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"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: : A4 l# }# [& C3 b; b# y, |% _ e
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ 2 n- z5 g5 r b宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, - ]' A5 F3 l! ~6 H: |* |0 Y# g1 j
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"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊 |